Ana amfani da bututun polyethylene (PE pipes) sosai a aikin injiniyan bututun na zamani. Ƙirar tsarin su na musamman yana ƙayyadad da kyawawan kaddarorinsu na zahiri da dogon lokaci{1}. Daga tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa tsarin macroscopic interlayer tsarin, za a iya raba tsarin bututun polyethylene zuwa nau'i mai yawa, kowannensu yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikin ƙarshe.
I. Tsarin Asali a Matsayin Kwayoyin Halitta
Babban abu na bututun polyethylene shine polyethylene (PE), wani fili na polymer na thermoplastic wanda aka kafa ta hanyar polymerization na ethylene monomers. Dangane da hanyoyi daban-daban na polymerization da shirye-shiryen sarkar kwayoyin halitta, ana iya raba polyethylene zuwa ƙananan - polyethylene mai yawa (LDPE), matsakaici{2}} polyethylene mai yawa (MDPE), da babban{3}} polyethylene mai yawa (HDPE). Daga cikin su, HDPE, saboda tamkar cushe kwayoyin sarƙoƙi da kuma high crystallinity, ya zama da aka fi so abu ga al'ada bututu.
A matakin kwayoyin, tsarin sarkar layin dogon{0} na HDPE yana samar da yankuna masu tsari sosai ta hanyar dakarun van der Waals, yayin da yankuna masu kama da juna suna cika sarari tsakanin yankuna na crystalline. Wannan haɗin kai na yankuna na crystalline da amorphous yana ba da bututun polyethylene tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi mai kyau (daga yankunan crystalline) da tauri (daga yankunan amorphous). Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin da ba - a cikin sarkar kwayoyin suna ba shi kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai sosai, yana ba shi damar jure nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata acid da alkali.
II. Halayen Ƙaƙƙarfan Halayen Katangar Bututu
Duban gani da ido yana bayyana cewa bangon bututun polyethylene bai dace da gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai ya ƙunshi ƙananan rabon lokaci na yanki. Ta hanyar sarrafa dabarun sarrafawa (kamar extrusion zafin jiki da ƙimar sanyaya), masana'antun na iya daidaita kristal da fuskantar bangon bututu. Misali, matakai masu tsayi - na iya karkatar da sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta axially, ta haka inganta ƙarfin juzu'i na bututu.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa juriya na damuwa na muhalli (ESCR) na bututun polyethylene yana da alaƙa da kula da lahani na microscopic. Kasancewar gazawar iyakar hatsi ko wuraren lalatawar iskar oxygen a lokacin samarwa na iya haifar da fashe bututu ƙarƙashin dogon matsa lamba ko lalata sinadarai. Don haka, manyan bututun PE masu inganci yawanci suna haɗa ƙananan adadin antioxidants da baƙar fata (misali, 2%-3% maida hankali) zuwa duka garkuwa daga hasken ultraviolet da jinkirta tsufa, da kuma hana yaɗuwar fashewa ta hanyar tarwatsa baƙar fata na carbon iri ɗaya.
III. Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Macroscopic Interlayer
Bututun polyethylene na zamani galibi suna da yawa{0}tsarukan haɗe-haɗe don biyan buƙatun yanayin aikace-aikacen daban-daban. Tsarin tsari na al'ada guda uku - ya haɗa da:
1. Layer na ciki: Kai tsaye a cikin hulɗa tare da matsakaicin jigilar kayayyaki, yana buƙatar babban santsi (don rage juriya na ruwa) da juriya na sinadaran. Wasu bututun sun haɗa magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta a cikin wannan Layer don hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta.
2. Tsakiyar Layer (na zaɓi): Ana amfani dashi don haɓaka aikin bututu gaba ɗaya, kamar ta ƙara fiber gilashi ko nanofillers don haɓaka rigidity, ko haɗa igiyoyin ƙarfe don kariya ta lantarki.
3. Layer na waje: Yana mai da hankali kan kariya, yawanci yana ƙunshe da mafi girman kaso na baƙar fata na carbon (UV resistant) da masu gyara tasiri (kamar ethylene{1}}vinyl acetate copolymer EVA) don hana lalacewa ta hanyar daidaitawar ƙasa ko tasirin waje.
Don manyan bututun polyethylene diamita (misali, DN600 da sama), ana iya amfani da tsarin "corrugated pipe" -ƙara sassauƙan bangon bututu ta hanyar juzu'i na lokaci-lokaci{5}, yana rage yawan amfani da kayan yayin kiyaye juriya.
IV. Daidaitawar Injiniyan Tsarin Haɗin Haɗin Hanyoyin haɗin bututun polyethylene (kamar ɓangarorin butt da soket ɗin lantarki) suna da alaƙa sosai da ƙirar tsarin su. Haɗin kai na thermofusion ya dogara da sake yaduwan sarƙoƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta a fuskar ƙarshen bututu a yanayin zafi mai zafi, don haka yana buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa tare da ingantaccen yanayin zafi da sarrafa ruwa. Kayan aikin lantarki sun haɗa wayoyi masu juriya a ciki; lokacin da aka ƙarfafa shi, fuskar lamba tsakanin bututu da dacewa yana narke a gida, yana samar da hatimi na dindindin. Wannan "tsari a matsayin aiki" ra'ayin ƙira yana kawar da buƙatar rufe zobba a cikin bututun ƙarfe na gargajiya, yana rage haɗarin yabo.
Tsarin bututun polyethylene shine jigon aikinsu{0}}daga tsararru na sarƙoƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa ƙirar ƙira mai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri, kowane dalla-dalla yana ba da daidaito tsakanin dorewa, aminci, da tattalin arziki. Tare da ci gaba a kimiyyar kayan aiki, tsarin bututun polyethylene na gaba za a ƙara inganta, misali, ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfi - zuwa{4}} ma'aunin nauyi ta hanyar fasaha na nanocomposite ko haɓaka yadudduka na aikin warkarwa don tsawaita rayuwar sabis. Fahimtar waɗannan ƙa'idodin tsarin ba kawai ginshiƙi ne don zaɓin aikin injiniya ba har ma da mahimmin wurin farawa don haɓaka sabbin abubuwa a fasahar bututun mai.
